Characterization can include all of the following except

Setting Setting is a description of where and when the story takes place. Ask yourself the following questions: How is the setting created? Consider geography, weather, time of day, social conditions, etc. What role does setting play in the story? Is it an important part of the plot or theme?

Or is it just a backdrop against which the action takes place? Does the setting change? If so, how? Study the time period, which is also part of the setting, and ask yourself the following: When was the story written? Does it take place in the present, the past, or the future? How does the time period affect the language, atmosphere or social circumstances of the short story?

Characterization Characterization deals with how the characters in the story are described. Ask yourself the following: Who is the main character? Who or what is the antagonist? Are the main character and other characters described through dialogue — by the way they speak dialect or slang for instance?

Has the author described the characters by physical appearance, thoughts and feelings, and interaction the way they act towards others? Are they static characters who do not change? Are they dynamic characters who change? What type of characters are they? What qualities stand out? Are they stereotypes? Are the characters believable? Do the characters symbolize something? Plot and Structure The plot is the main sequence of events that make up the story.

Consider the following questions: What is the most important event? How is the plot structured? Is it linear, chronological or does it move around?

Is the plot believable? How would you describe the main conflict? Is it an internal conflict within the character? When does the climax take place? Are the closing sentences significant? How does the end relate or connect to the opening? Narrator and Point of View The narrator is the person telling the story. The following are important questions to consider: Who is the narrator or speaker in the story?

Does the author speak through the main character? Is the narrator trustworthy? What images are used? Answer: c: Exploration. A theory: Is an accumulated body of knowledge Includes inconsequential ideas Is independent of research methodology Should be viewed uncritically. Answer: a: Is an accumulated body of knowledge. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research? Deductive method Explanatory method Inductive method Exploratory method.

Answer: c: Inductive method. How much confidence should you place in a single research study? You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings You should completely trust a single research study Neither a nor b Both a and b.

Answer: a: You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings. A qualitative research problem statement: Specifies the research methods to be utilized Specifies a research hypothesis Expresses a relationship between variables Conveys a sense of emerging design. Answer: d: Conveys a sense of emerging design. Which of the following is a good research question? To produce a report on student job searching behaviours To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching behaviours Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?

Answer: d: Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours? A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to : Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure Guide the development of research questions Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies All of the above.

Answer: d: All of the above. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by: Ethnomethodology Grounded theory Symbolic interactionism Feminist theory.

Answer: b: Grounded theory. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of: Cost and time required to conduct the study Access to gatekeepers and respondents Potential ethical concerns All of the above. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known as: Action research Mixed-method research Quantitative research Pragmatic research. Answer: b: Mixed-method research. Research hypotheses are: Formulated prior to a review of the literature Statements of predicted relationships between variables B but not A Both A and B.

Answer: c: B but not A. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism? Quantitative research Qualitative research Mixed-methods research All of the above. Answer: c: Mixed-methods research. Adopting ethical principles in research means: Avoiding harm to participants The researcher is anonymous Deception is only used when necessary Selected informants give their consent. Answer: a: Avoiding harm to participants. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that: Researchers can do anything they want The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity.

Answer: d: Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because: Everyone has access to digital media Respondents may fake their identities Researchers may fake their identities Internet research has to be covert. Answer: b: Respondents may fake their identities. Answer: b: Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chance.

Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings? Answer: a: Quantitative research. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called: An intervening variable A dependent variable An independent variable A numerical variable. Answer: c: An independent variable. Extraneous Confounding Intervening Manipulated. Answer: c: Intervening. Which correlation is the strongest? When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to: Assume causality Measure the values for X and Y independently Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed Check the direction of the relationship.

Answer: a: Assume causality. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable? Annual income Age Annual sales Geographical location of a firm. Answer: d: Geographical location of a firm. A positive correlation occurs when: Two variables remain constant Two variables move in the same direction One variable goes up and the other goes down Two variables move in opposite directions.

Answer: b: Two variables move in the same direction. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that: The independent variable is manipulated Hypotheses are proved A positive correlation exists Samples are large. Answer: a: The independent variable is manipulated. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT: It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures It often uses small samples It uses the inductive method It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest.

Answer: d: It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called: The experimental group The participant group The control group The treatment group.

Answer: c: The control group. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field? Keeping participants from physical and emotional harm Gaining informed consent Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality Maintaining consent forms.

Answer: c: Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans? Answer: d: Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed.

Secondary data Field notes Qualitative data Primary data. Answer: a: Secondary data. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called: A snowball sample A stratified sample A random probability sample A non-random sample.

Answer: c: A random probability sample. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of hospitals? Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all hospitals within the district Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number generator to pick hospitals from the table Listing hospitals by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector at random Choosing volunteer hospitals to participate.

Answer: b: Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number generator to pick hospitals from the table.

Which of the following statements are true? The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error The more categories being measured, the smaller the sample size A confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficient.

Answer: b: The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error? A large sample based on convenience sampling A small sample based on random sampling A large snowball sample A large sample based on random sampling. Answer: d: A large sample based on random sampling.

When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is called: Snowball sampling Convenience sampling Stratified sampling Random sampling. Answer: b: Convenience sampling. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as: Typical-case sampling Critical-case sampling Intensity sampling Maximum variation sampling. Answer: d: Maximum variation sampling. Predictive Face Content Concurrent. Answer: a: Predictive.

Answer: d: Use leading questions. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that: Probe questions can be asked Respondents can be put at ease Interview bias can be avoided Response rates are always high.

Answer: c: Interview bias can be avoided. Which of the following is true of observations? It takes less time than interviews It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt All of the above.

Answer: b: It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do. This researcher is acting as: An overt participant observer A covert non-participant observer A covert participant observer None of the above.

Answer: c: A covert participant observer. All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT: Results can be replicated at a different time The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed Data can be collected that participants may not realize is important Data do not have to rely on the recall of participants.

Answer: b: The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed. Secondary data can include which of the following? Government statistics Personal diaries Organizational records All of the above. An ordinal scale is: The simplest form of measurement A scale with an absolute zero point A rank-order scale of measurement A scale with equal intervals between ranks. Answer: c: A rank-order scale of measurement.

Face validity Content reliability Criterion-related validity Construct validity. Answer: c: Criterion-related validity. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? Can the results be generalized? Does it have face reliability?